High-Pressure High-Temperature (HPHT) Synthesis of Functional ...

2. High-pressure technology and apparatus

High-pressure synthesis can be broadly divided into static and dynamic technologies. Traditionally there are two most widely used static-type apparatus, namely, the piston-cylinder and Bridgeman anvil type. The piston-cylinder pressure zone can accommodate volumes in the range 1– cm3 for pressures of up to 1 GPa [2]. They can reach maximum pressures of 3 GPa where smaller pressure zone volumes and very large presses are needed [2]. The Bridgeman anvil type can achieve very high pressures depending on the type of anvils: for hard alloy anvils, pressures in the range 15–20 GPa, for SiC anvils 20–70 GPa and for diamond anvils 100–300 GPa are achievable [2]. Commercial presses which incorporate concepts from the Bridgeman anvil and piston-cylinder designs have been developed to synthesise superhard materials obtaining pressures over 5 GPa with volumes of ~1 cm3 [2]. The most widely used presses in this class are known as the belt, multi-anvil apparatus and toroid [2]. Another important laboratory-scale high-pressure tool is the diamond anvil cell (DAC). The DAC is used extensively for exploratory high-pressure synthesis and for characterisation of materials under high pressure. It basically consists of two gem-quality diamonds (~1/3 carat) with flat surfaces (culets) capable of compressing small samples on a metal gasket containing a small hole to accommodate the sample. The DAC can reach very high pressures in excess of 150 GPa and can be heated easily using infrared lasers reaching temperatures in excess of  K [3].

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